2008年6月13日

Sarin

正在准备 What Matters?,也因内容有谈到 Sarin, 所以找了挺多的资料。决定把其中的一些放在这儿，警惕大家。
Whilst preparing for What Matters?, I came across many info/sites about Sarin, as it is one of the things mentioned in the play. Decided to share it with you all here, for awareness of this potential danger.

There was a Sarin attack in Japan back in 1995, where 12 people died and over 3000 were injured. Probably many of them suffering the longterm effects due to exposure to Sarin.


Online Videos by Veoh.com

Facts About Sarin

What sarin is

• Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to certain kinds of pesticides (insect killers) called organophosphates in terms of how they work and what kind of harmful effects they cause. However, nerve agents are much more potent than organophosphate pesticides.
• Sarin originally was developed in 1938 in Germany as a pesticide.
• Sarin is a clear, colorless, and tasteless liquid that has no odor in its pure form. However, sarin can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and spread into the environment.
• Sarin is also known as GB.

Where sarin is found and how it is used

• Sarin and other nerve agents may have been used in chemical warfare during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s.
• Sarin was used in two terrorist attacks in Japan in 1994 and 1995.
• Sarin is not found naturally in the environment.

How people can be exposed to sarin

• Following release of sarin into the air, people can be exposed through skin contact or eye contact. They can also be exposed by breathing air that contains sarin.
• Sarin mixes easily with water, so it could be used to poison water. Following release of sarin into water, people can be exposed by touching or drinking water that contains sarin.
• Following contamination of food with sarin, people can be exposed by eating the contaminated food.
• A person’s clothing can release sarin for about 30 minutes after it has come in contact with sarin vapor, which can lead to exposure of other people.
• Because sarin breaks down slowly in the body, people who are repeatedly exposed to sarin may suffer more harmful health effects.
• Because sarin vapor is heavier than air, it will sink to low-lying areas and create a greater exposure hazard there.

How sarin works

• The extent of poisoning caused by sarin depends on the amount of sarin to which a person was exposed, how the person was exposed, and the length of time of the exposure.
• Symptoms will appear within a few seconds after exposure to the vapor form of sarin and within a few minutes up to 18 hours after exposure to the liquid form.
• All the nerve agents cause their toxic effects by preventing the proper operation of the chemical that acts as the body’s “off switch” for glands and muscles. Without an “off switch,” the glands and muscles are constantly being stimulated. They may tire and no longer be able to sustain breathing function.
• Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it can easily and quickly evaporate from a liquid into a vapor and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapor even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin.
• Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin presents an immediate but short-lived threat.

Immediate signs and symptoms of sarin exposure

• People may not know that they were exposed because sarin has no odor.
• People exposed to a low or moderate dose of sarin by breathing contaminated air, eating contaminated food, drinking contaminated water, or touching contaminated surfaces may experience some or all of the following symptoms within seconds to hours of exposure:
  ◦ Runny nose
  ◦ Watery eyes
  ◦ Small, pinpoint pupils
  ◦ Eye pain
  ◦ Blurred vision
  ◦ Drooling and excessive sweating
  ◦ Cough
  ◦ Chest tightness
  ◦ Rapid breathing
  ◦ Diarrhea
  ◦ Increased urination
  ◦ Confusion
  ◦ Drowsiness
  ◦ Weakness
  ◦ Headache
  ◦ Nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain
  ◦ Slow or fast heart rate
  ◦ Low or high blood pressure
  
• Even a small drop of sarin on the skin can cause sweating and muscle twitching where sarin touched the skin.
• Exposure to large doses of sarin by any route may result in the following harmful health effects:
  ◦ Loss of consciousness
  ◦ Convulsions
  ◦ Paralysis
  ◦ Respiratory failure possibly leading to death
• Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to sarin.

What the long-term health effects are

• Mild or moderately exposed people usually recover completely. Severely exposed people are not likely to survive. Unlike some organophosphate pesticides, nerve agents have not been associated with neurological problems lasting more than 1 to 2 weeks after the exposure.

How people can protect themselves, and what they should do if they are exposed to sarin

• Recovery from sarin exposure is possible with treatment, but the antidotes available must be used quickly to be effective. Therefore, the best thing to do is avoid exposure:
  ◦ Leave the area where the sarin was released and get to fresh air. Quickly moving to an area where fresh air is available is highly effective in reducing the possibility of death from exposure to sarin vapor.
  ◦ If the sarin release was outdoors, move away from the area where the sarin was released. Go to the highest ground possible, because sarin is heavier than air and will sink to low-lying areas.
  ◦ If the sarin release was indoors, get out of the building.
• If people think they may have been exposed, they should remove their clothing, rapidly wash their entire body with soap and water, and get medical care as quickly as possible.
• Removing and disposing of clothing:
  ◦ Quickly take off clothing that has liquid sarin on it. Any clothing that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead of pulled over the head. If possible, seal the clothing in a plastic bag. Then seal the first plastic bag in a second plastic bag. Removing and sealing the clothing in this way will help protect people from any chemicals that might be on their clothes.
  ◦ If clothes were placed in plastic bags, inform either the local or state health department or emergency personnel upon their arrival. Do not handle the plastic bags.
  ◦ If helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly as possible.
• Washing the body:
  ◦ As quickly as possible, wash any liquid sarin from the skin with large amounts of soap and water. Washing with soap and water will help protect people from any chemicals on their bodies.
  ◦ Rinse the eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes if they are burning or if vision is blurred.
• If sarin has been swallowed, do not induce vomiting or give fluids to drink.
• Seek medical attention immediately. Dial 999/911 and explain what has happened.

How sarin exposure is treated

• Treatment consists of removing sarin from the body as soon as possible and providing supportive medical care in a hospital setting. Antidotes are available for sarin. They are most useful if given as soon as possible after exposure.

艺树人 ARTivate  

0 条评论

关于艺树人

艺树人是本地剧场戏剧盒旗下的青年部，由12位充满热忱的年轻人组成的团体。我们希望能通过戏剧对各阶层的民众有更深入的了解和联系。

艺树人的创立是为了提供青年一个多方面训练的平台。通过三年的培训，艺树人希望能培育处一群拥有文化和社会意识的本地戏剧实践者。

我们使用一个名为O-A-O-R （ Orientation – Artistic – Organisation – Regeneration/ 定向 – 艺术性 – 组织 – 再生 ）的模式，让青年们得到的不仅是艺术方面的训练，也学习组织群体和制作管理的技能。除此之外，他们会接触到各种类的戏剧，例如论坛剧场、新闻剧场等等。他们同时还会接受其他艺术形体的培训，如音乐和多媒体。

除了提高社会问题的认识和讨论，艺树人希望能质问及挑战人们的思维，并改变大众对低下层或边缘族群的一些刻板观念，让单方向的独白转化成双方都能参与的对话。

2012 年将会是第一届艺树人青年的最后一年。我们将会在毕业前呈现一部作品，而灵感来至于高行健的《车站》。这作品会是艺树人培训三年来的精髓，也是我们对于原作和现今社会的反思。

About ARTivate

ARTivate - the youth wing of local theatre company Drama Box - is made up of a group of 12 passionate youths who aims to reach out to the community through the arts.

ARTivate was first established with the aim to provide a platform for youths who want to explore and gain all-rounded insight into theatre. Through a three-year program, ARTivate hopes to nurture a group of youths into cultured and socially aware theatre-practitioners in Singapore.

Using an O-A-O-R (Orientation-Artistic-Organization-Regeneration) model, these youths are trained not only artistically but also in organizational skills and production management. They will be exposed to different forms of theatre such as Forum Theatre and Newspaper Theatre. They will also be trained in other art forms such as music and multimedia.

Besides bringing awareness to the themes explored, ARTivators hopes to question, probe or even challenge minds. They want to engage audiences in discussion – to turn monologues into dialogues.

As 2012 will the last year of the pioneer batch of ARTivate youths, they will be putting up a piece of performance, Bus Stop, inspired by “Bus Stop” written by renowned playwright, Gao Xing Jian. This performance will be a collation of the trainings the youths had undergone for the past 3 years, as well as a critical perspective and evaluation of the script, in reference to the current society the youths are in.